| Behavioral modeling expressions |
Expressions are constructed from operands and operators. The operators of an expression indicate which operations to apply to the operands. The order of evaluation of operators in an expression is determined by the precedence and associativity of the operators.
A numeric value can be an integer (e.g. 12, -44), a floating point number (3.14159), an integer or floating point number followed by an integer exponent (1e-14, 2.65e3), or an integer or floating point number followed by one of the following scale factors:
| Suffix | Scale factor | Description |
| f, F | 10-15 | femto |
| p, P | 10-12 | pico |
| n, N | 10-9 | nano |
| u, U, µ | 10-6 | micro |
| MIL | 25.4*10-6 | mil |
| m, M | 10-3 | milli |
| k, K | 103 | kilo |
| MEG | 106 | mega |
| g, G | 109 | giga |
| t, T | 1012 | tera |
Letters immediately following a number that are not scale factors are ignored, and letters immediately following a scale factor are ignored. Hence, 10, 10V, 10Volts, and 10Hz all represent the same number, and M, MA, MSec, and MMhos all represent the same scale factor. Note that 1000, 1000.0, 1000Hz, 1e3, 1.0e3, 1KHz, and 1K all represent the same number.
Note
There will be no distinction between uppercase and lowercase characters. You should be using MEG to indicate 106. The suffix m or M is always interpreted as milli (10-3). Scale suffixes must be entered immediately after the number, spaces between the number and scale suffixes are not allowed.
Relational operators, equality and boolean operators consider the value zero as false and any non-zero value as true.
| Operator | Description | Type | Example |
| - | Unary minus | Unary | -x |
| + | Addition | Binary | y+x |
| - | Subtraction | Binary | y-x |
| * | Multiplication | Binary | y*x |
| / | Division | Binary | y/x |
| \ DIV |
Integer division | Binary | y\x |
| % MOD |
Modulus (remainder after integer division) | Binary | y%x |
| ^ | Exponentiation. xy. The same function as the POW(x, y). | Binary | x^y |
| ** | Exponentiation. |x|y. The same function as the PWR(x, y). This operator is defined only for compatibility with the models developed for PSPICE. Do not use in expressions relating to generators of type B. | Binary | x**y |
These operators produce a result equal to 0.0 if the relation is false and 1.0 if the relation is true.
| Operator | Description | Type |
| < | Define a "less than" relational operator that returns 1.0 if the first operand is less than the second, 0.0 otherwise | Binary |
| > | Define a "greater than" relational operator that returns 1.0 if the first operand is greater than the second, 0.0 otherwise | Binary |
| <= | Define a "less than or equal" relational operator that returns 1.0 if the first operand is less than or equal to the second, 0.0 otherwise | Binary |
| >= | Define a "greater than or equal" relational operator that returns 1.0 if the first operand is greater than or equal to the second, 0.0 otherwise | Binary |
These operators produce a result equal to 0.0 if the relation is false and 1.0 if the relation is true.
| Operator | Description | Type |
| == | The equality operator returns 1.0 if the values of its operands are equal, 0.0 otherwise | Binary |
| != <> |
The inequality operator returns 0.0 if its operands are equal, 1.0 otherwise | Binary |
These operators produce a result equal to 0.0 (FALSE) or 1.0 (TRUE). The value of the operands is:
FALSE if operand is zero
TRUE if operand is not zero
| Operator | Description | Type |
| && AND |
Computes the boolean AND of its operands; that is, the result is true (1.0) if and only if both its operands are true. | Binary |
| NAND | Computes the boolean NAND of its operands; that is, the result is false (0.0) if and only if both its operands are true. | Binary |
| || OR |
Computes the boolean OR of its operands; that is, the result is false (0.0) if and only if both its operands are false. | Binary |
| NOR | Computes the boolean NOR of its operands; that is, the result is true (1.0) if and only if both its operands are false. | Binary |
| XOR | Computes the boolean XOR of its operands; that is,
the result is true (1.0) if and only if inputs differ (one is true, the
other is false). |
Binary |
| ! NOT |
Boolean negation operator is a unary operator that negates its operand. It returns true (1.0) if and only if its operand is false. | Unary |
These operators produce a result equal to LZERO (FALSE) or LONE (TRUE). The value of the operands is:
LONE if operand >= VTHRESH
LZERO if operand < VTHRESH
The parameters VTHRESH, LONE and LZERO are set in Simulator options.
| Operator | Description | Type |
| & | Computes the logical AND of its operands; that is, the result is true (LONE) if and only if both its operands are true (LONE) | Binary |
| | | Computes the logical OR of its operands; that is, the result is false (LZERO) if and only if both its operands are false (LZERO) | Binary |
| ~ | Logical negation operator is a unary operator that negates its operand. It returns true (LONE) if and only if its operand is false (LZERO) | Unary |
| Name | Description | Value |
| BOLTZ | Boltzman constant | 1.38062-23 |
| C | The speed of light | 2.9979258 |
| E | The constant base of the natural logarithm | 2.718... |
| FALSE | False | 0.0 |
| ECHARGE | The charge of an electron | 1.60219-19 |
| KELVIN | Absolute zero in °C | -273.15 |
| LN10 | The natural logarithm of 10 | 2.302... |
| LN2 | The natural logarithm of 2 | 0.693... |
| LOG10E | The base-10 logarithm of e | 0.434... |
| LOG2E | The base-2 logarithm of e | 1.442... |
| PI | The constant pi | 3.141... |
| PLANCK | Planck's constant | 6.62620-34 |
| SQRT2 | The square root of 2 | 1.414... |
| TRUE | True | 1.0 |
| TWOPI | The constant pi * 2 | 6.282... |
| Name | Description |
| TIME | The current time in transient analysis. |
| TEMP | Current temperature. |
| GMIN | The lowest permissible conductance, can be set using the option GMIN. |
| FREQ | The current AC frequency in radians. |
| VT | Thermal voltage (k•T/q = 1.38E-23•T/1.602E-19) |
If the argument of log(), ln(), or sqrt() becomes less than zero, the
absolute value of the argument is used. If a divisor becomes zero or the
argument of log() or ln() becomes zero, an error will result. Other problems may
occur when the argument for a function in a partial derivative enters a region
where that function is undefined.
| Function | Description |
| ABS(x) | Absolute value of x |
| ACOS(x) | Inverse cosine of x |
| ACOSH(x) | Inverse hyperbolic cosine of x |
| ASIN(x) | Inverse sine of x |
| ASINH(x) | Inverse hyperbolic sine of x |
| ATAN(x) ARCTAN(x) |
Inverse tangent of x |
| ATANH(x) | Inverse hyperbolic tangent of x |
| ATAN2(x,y) | Arctan of x/y |
| CEIL(x) | Return the smallest integer that is greater than or equal to x |
| COS(x) | Cosine of x |
| COSH(x) | Hyperbolic cosine of x |
| DEG(x) | Converts the value of x from radians to degrees |
| EXP(x) | Exponential ex |
| FLOOR(x) | Return the largest integer that is less than or equal to x |
| IF(x,a,b) | If x is different from zero returns a, otherwise returns b. The discontinuity created by the two branches of the operator IF can cause convergence problems |
| LIMIT(x,min,max) | Returns min if x<min, returns max if x>max, otherwise returns x |
| LN(x) | Return the natural logarithm of x. If the argument becomes less than zero, the absolute value of the argument is used. If the argument becomes zero, an error will result. |
| LOG(x) | If is included in an expression of an element of type B then calculates the decimal logarithm. If is included in an expression of an element of type E or G then calculates the natural logarithm. If the argument becomes less than zero, the absolute value of the argument is used. If the argument becomes zero, an error will result. |
| LOG10(x) | Return the decimal logarithm of x. If the argument becomes less than zero, the absolute value of the argument is used. If the argument becomes zero, an error will result. |
| MAX(a,b) | Maximum of a and b |
| MIN(a,b) | Minimum of a and b |
| POW(x,y) | xy. Same as x^y. |
| PWR(x,y) | |x|y |
| PWRS(x,y) | If x > 0 return |x|y. If x < 0 return -|x|y |
| RAD(x) | Converts the value of x from degrees to radians |
| ROUND(x) | Return the nearest integer to x |
| SGN(x) | If x < 0 return -1. If x > 0 return 1. If x = 0 return 0 |
| SIN(x) | Sine of x |
| SINH(x) | Hyperbolic sine of x |
| SQRT(x) | Return the square root of x. If the argument becomes less than zero, the absolute value of the argument is used. |
| STP(x) | If x < 0 return 0, 1 otherwise |
| TABLE(x,x1,y1,x2,y2...xn,yn) | Return the y value corresponding to x. The value of y is calculated by linear interpolation between the pairs of values xn, yn of the table. If x is greater than the max xn, then the value is the yn associated with the largest xn. If x is less than the smallest xn, then the value is the yn associated with the smallest xn. |
| TAN(x) | Tangent of x |
| TANH(x) | Hyperbolic tangent of x |
| U(x) | If x < 0 return 0, 1 otherwise |
| URAMP(x) | If x < 0 return 0, x otherwise |
Note
The argument of the trigonometric functions are in radians.
The function LOG(x) has a
dual behavior. In fact, it calculates the decimal logarithm in SPICE3
while in PSPICE computes the natural logarithm. The function LOG(x) has
a different behavior depending on the type of element containing the
expression. If LOG(x) is included in an expression of an element of type
B then calculates the decimal logarithm. If LOG(x) is included in an
expression of an element of type E or G then calculates the natural
logarithm. In PSPICE elements of type B does not correspond to the
generators and in SPICE3 elements of type E and G do not accept an
arbitrary function.
The following functions convert their arguments in 32-bit integers.
| Function | Description |
| BITNOT(x) | Binary NOT. |
| BITAND(x,y) | Binary AND. |
| BITOR(x,y) | Binary OR. |
| BITXOR(x,y) | Binary XOR. |
| BITODD(x) | The output is 1 when an odd number of bits is 1. |
| BITEVEN(x) | The output is 1 when an even number of bits is 1. |
| BITSHL(x,n,w,m) | Shift left of w bits of the number x repeated n times. m is reload mode: 0=0, 1=1, 2=keeps the bit, 3=keeps and inverts the bit, 4=rotates the opposite bit, 5=rotates and inverts the opposite bit. |
| BITSHR(x,n,w,m) | Shift right of w bits of the number x repeated n times. m is reload mode: 0=0, 1=1, 2=keeps the bit, 3=keeps and inverts the bit, 4=rotates the opposite bit, 5=rotates and inverts the opposite bit. |
B1 0 1 I=cos(v(1))+sin(v(2))
B1 0 1 V=ln(cos(log(v(1,2)^2)))-v(3)^4+v(2)^v(1)
B1 3 4 I=17
B1 3 4 V=exp(pi^i(vdd))